Latest Technology News and Recent Inventions

Latest Technology News and Recent Inventions

Get updates from the latest technology news and recent inventions in world.
Find information about latest technology trends, news, current inventions in the
field of robotics, computers technology, space science, gadgets and many more.
Know about various recent inventions such as, Robot with human expressions, Mystery
of Black Holes, 4G Technology, 3-D Processor chips, latest phones, Operating System
that will take place of Windows, Evidences of water on Mars.......and many other, that
I will update regularly. This lens is my effort of presenting all such latest information
here in this lens

4G Technology

Fourth Generation (4G) mobiles

4G also called as Fourth-Generation Communications System, is a term used to describe
the next step in wireless communications. A 4G system can provide a comprehensive IP
solution where voice, data and streamed multimedia can be provided to users on an "Anytime, Anywhere" basis. The data transfer rates are also much higher than previous generations.

The main objectives of 4G are:

1)4G will be a fully IP-based integrated system.

2)This will be capable of providing 100 Mbit/s and 1 Gbit/s speeds both indoors and
outdoors.

3)It can provide premium quality and high security.

4)4G offer all types of services at an affordable cost.

4G is developed to provide high quality of service (QoS) and rate requirements set by
forthcoming applications such as wireless broadband access, Multimedia Messaging, Video
Chat, Mobile TV, High definition TV content, DVB, minimal service like voice and data, and
other streaming services.

4G technology allow high-quality smooth video transmission. It will enable fast
downloading of full-length songs or music pieces in real time.

The business and popularity of 4Gmobiles is predicted to be very vast. On an average,
by 2009, this 4Gmobile market will be over $400B and it will dominate the wireless
communications, and its converged system will replace most conventional wireless
infrastructure.

Data Rates For 4G:

The downloading speed for mobile Internet connections is from 9.6 kbit/s for
2G cellular at present. However, in actual use the data rates are usually slower,
especially in crowded areas, or when there is congestion in network.

4G mobile data transmission rates are planned to be up to 20 megabits per second which
means that it will be about 10-20 times faster than standard ASDL services.

In terms of connection seeds, 4G will be about 200 times faster than present 2G mobile
data rates, and about 10 times faster than 3G broadband mobile. 3G data rates are
currently 2Mbit/sec, which is very fast compared to 2G's 9.6Kbit/sec.
New Blackberry Curve

BLACKBERRY LATEST MOBILE PHONE:

Blackberry Curve (8300) is one of the most popular latest phones since its launch.
But since its launch, mobile industry has experienced many advances in technology.
So to keep them update wit latest technology Blackberry family has launched its
latest edition called BLACKBERRY BOLD.



Blackberry Bold is a blend of greatest features of Windows Mobile and the quality and
reliability specific to Blackberry brand.

With the help of new Blackberry Bold now it is possible to edit your Microsoft Word and
PowerPoint documents. These updates can be moved over onto main PC or Mac. So now you can
 update and improve speeches and presentations during practice runs or when still on the
road.



SOMETHING MORE INTERESTING:

Blackberry Bold is one of the most media-friendly release yet with the inclusion of Wifi
which allows you to access the Internet from virtually millions of locations worldwide
(the GPS and mapping functions can help you locate a site). And even outside of hot-spot
areas, the Blackberry Bold utilizes HSDPA technology to access nearly 3G download speeds.
In new Blackberry Bold streaming videos are also available, complementing the mp3 player.
 And with the Media Sync application, you can easily transfer media files from itunes to your handset very easily.Vulture - Unmanned Aircraft Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) of United States is working to develop an unmanned aircraft that is able to stay in air for a period of 5 years at a time. It is one of the most recent inventions of world.
Officials of DARPA has revealed that this aircraft will be known as VULTURE due to its
Persistent Pseudo-Satellite Capability . It means that this aircraft will be able to fly
over a single area, communicating or performing analysis for years at a time.

Major Obstacles in Project:

Even this project looks appealing to many of you, but there are some serious problems or
you can say obstacles in achieving this project.

1) First challenge in front of designers is to figure out some Way to Supply Power to
this aircraft during long missions.

2) Another problem is that this aircraft will carry a 1000 pound (450 kg) payload in
winds at an altitude of 60,000 to 90,000 feet.

3) Designers have also to sort out the problems regarding Deterioration of Materials
during their long-time exposure to stratospheric flight.
In addition to this there may be many challenges during designing of this aircraft.

Daniel Newman: The Man Behind VULTURE

Daniel Newman is the Project Manger of this ambitious project of NASA. In his words:
"We want to completely change the paradigm of how we think of aircraft. Aviation has a
perfect record - we've never left one up there. We will attempt to break that record".
It looks that its time to get out of the traditional "launch - recover - maintain - launch cycle of aircrafts."

Concept Behind Vulture:

Basically Aircrafts operates just like satellites, but the major difference is that these
are not regulated by orbital mechanics. You can understand Vulture as a Pseudo-Satellite,
which operates in the stratosphere and not in the low Earth orbit. This would provide a 65 dB upgrading in communications capability and will increase onboard sensor resolution.




When Will it Become a Reality? 

Well, right now NASA has not mentioned any time table when the aircraft will be ready.
But for now NASA has worked on the probable design of Vulture (see picture).
Forget Windows: Midori is coming
WINDOWS is a name that has ruled the whole computer world since its first launch in
November 1985. Since then it is like a trademark of Microsoft Corporation.

With many advanced versions of Windows available today such as Windows XP, Windows Vista,
 it is the most used operating system in the world. In 2010, Microsoft is going to launch
 WINDOWS 2007, but now here is time to experience a yet another technology of operating
systems.

Yes, MICROSOFT is working on a new generation of operating systems called Cloud-Based
Operating System and rumors are there that MIDORI will be their first such operating
system, which will replace Windows fully from computer map.

WHAT'S THE DIFFERENCE 

MIDORI is an offshoot of Microsoft Research's Singularity operating system.

In this the tools and libraries are completely managed code. MIDORI is designed to

run directly on native hardware (x86, x64 and ARM), will be hosted on the Windows

Hyper-V hypervisor, or even be hosted by a Windows process.

MIDORI can be also seen as MICROSOFT'S answer those competitors who are applying

"Virtualization" as a mean to solving issues within contemporary computing.

The main idea behind MIDORI is to develop a lightweight portable OS which can be mated
easily to lots of various applications.

IMPORTANCE OF MIDAIR

For knowing the importance of MIDORI you have to think about, how an operating system

 is loaded on a computer. Actually operating system is loaded onto a hard disk physically

 located on that machine. In this way, the operating system is tied very tightly to that

 hardware. As Windows is dependent on hardware, it might face opposition from contemporary ways of working because people are extremely mobile in using different devices in order get diverse information.

Due to this trend installing different applications on a single computer may led to

different compatibility issues whenever the machine require updating. The new operating

system will solve these problems by the concept of Virtualizing. This will solve problems

 such as widespread security vulnerabilities, unexpected interactions among different

applications, failures caused by errant extensions, plug-ins, and drivers and many more.

ERIC RUDDER, Senior Vice President, Technical Strategy

The importance of this project for MICROSOFT can be understood by the fact that company
 choose Eric Rudder , former head of Microsoft's server and tools business and a key
member of Chairman Bill Gates' faction of the company, to handle it.

WHEN WILL IT BE LAUNCHED

Just Wait and See. Microsoft has not declared any such date about launching of MIDORI,
 but there are rumors that this project is in incubation phase.
Draganflyer X6
Draganflyer X6 is an advanced helicopter that can be operated remotely without any pilot.
 It is designed mainly to carry wireless video cameras and still cameras. The Draganflyer
 X6 helicopter can be operated very easily with its hand held controller.

The Draganflyer X6 helicopter is based on a unique 6-rotor design that has been under
 development since early 2006. It uses 11 sensors and thousands of lines of code to
 self-stabilize during flight which makes it easier to fly than any other helicopter
in its class. The on-board software of Draganflyer X6 is developed after extensive
testing and development. Draganflyer X6 helicopter is a revolution in the field of
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV).

It can be used very efficiently for various applications and it is ideal for spying
 on the enemy in a safe and reliable manner.

MAJOR FIELDS OF APPLICATIONS

The new Draganflyer X6 can be used in various field such as Industrial Constructions,
 Government Applications and Educational needs.

1)Industrial Use:

Draganflyer X6 can be used very efficiently in Bridge Constructions, Building
 Construction, Pipeline / Hydro-Transmission Line Inspection, Road Construction.
 With the help of this aircraft you can get videos and images of any site from
various angels.

Equipped with a high resolution still camera (with remote zoom, shutter control and tilt)
 it can capture great images. And its high definition video recorder can record videos
very efficiently. It has a range of 500 meters and have a flight time of 20 to 30 minutes.

It is designed specifically with easy controlling system for ease of use it. So,
it is easy to fly, needs very minimal training, and provides an extremely stable
aerial platform from where you can get photographs and video. It's small size and
 portability makes it suitable to carry it to any construction site and have it ready
to fly in minutes.

2)Government Applications:

Draganflyer X6 can be used in many government applications such as Law Enforcement,
Fire, Emergency Measures, Wildlife Management, Environment and Transportation. You
can use this advanced machine for Disaster Response, Conservation Enforcement,
Crime Scene Investigation, Crowd Control, Explosive Disposal Unit, Search and Rescue
 Missions, Traffic Congestion Control, Criminal Intelligence Applications, Fire Damage
 Assessment, Fire Scene Management any many more.

3)Educational Applications:

Draganflyer X6 is very useful in educational applications such as Advanced RC Flight
Research, Aerial Archeology, Environmental Assessment, and Geological Exploration.

FEATURES AT A GLANCE:

Draganflyer X6 is unique in many terms. It has some very advanced features that make
it different and more efficient then other remote controlled helicopters. Some of these
features are:

1)Six Rotor Co-Axial Configuration

2)GPS Facility

3)Carbon Fiber Folding Frame

4)Handheld Flight Controller

5)Advanced Power System

6)High Damage Tolerance

7)Specially manufactured Cases

8)Engineered for Safety

9)Electronic Flight Stability

10)Telemetry Software

11)Wireless Video System

12)Anti-Vibration Camera Mount

13)HD Digital Video Camera

14)Low Light Camera

15)Thermal Infrared Camera

These various features of Draganflyer X6 makes it very useful and efficient in its work.
NEXI - Robot with facial expressions
A latest invention by MIT Media Lab is a new robot that is able to show various facial
expressions such as 'slanting its eyebrows in anger', or 'raise them in surprise',
and show a wide assortment of facial expressions while communicating with people.

This latest achievement in the field of Robotics is named NEXI as it is framed as
the next generation robots which is aimed for a range of applications for personal
robots and human-robot teamwork.

DESIGNING 

The head and face of NEXI were designed by Xitome Design which is a innovative
designing and development company that specializes in robotic design and development.
The expressive robotics started with a neck mechanism sporting 4 degrees of freedom (DoF)
 at the base, plus pan-tilt-yaw of the head itself. The mechanism has been constructed to
 time the movements so they mimic human speed. The face of NEXI has been specially
designed to use gaze, eyebrows, eyelids and an articulate mandible which helps in
expressing a wide range of different emotions.

The chassis of NEXI is also advanced. It has been developed by the Laboratory for
 Perceptual Robotics UMASS (University of Massachusetts), Amherst. This chassis is
based on the uBot5 mobile manipulator. The mobile base can balance dynamically on two
wheels. The arms of NEXI can pick up a weight of up to 10 pounds and the plastic covering
of the chassis can detect any kind of human touch.

CYNTHIA BREATHER: HEAD OF THE PROJECT

This project was headed by Media Lab's Cynthia Breazeal, a well known robotics expert
 famous for earlier expressive robots such as Kismet. She is an Associate Professor of
Media Arts and Sciences at the MIT. She named her new product as an MDS (mobile, dextrous, social) robot.

IT in Banking

In the five decades since independence, banking in India has evolved through four
distinct phases. During Fourth phase, also called as Reform Phase, Recommendations
 of the Narasimham Committee (1991) paved the way for the reform phase in the banking.
 Important initiatives with regard to the reform of the banking system were taken
in this phase. Important among these have been introduction of new accounting and
prudential norms relating to income recognition, provisioning and capital adequacy,
deregulation of interest rates & easing of norms for entry in the field of banking.
Entry of new banks resulted in a paradigm shift in the ways of banking in India.
 The growing competition, growing expectations led to increased awareness among-st
 banks on the role and importance of technology in banking. The arrival of foreign
and private banks with their superior state-of-the-art technology-based services pushed
 Indian Banks also to follow suit by going in for the latest technologies so as to meet
the threat of competition and retain their customer base.
Indian banking industry, today is in the midst of an IT revolution. A combination of
regulatory and competitive reasons have led to increasing importance of total banking
automation in the Indian Banking Industry.
Information Technology has basically been used under two different avenues in Banking.
 One is Communication and Connectivity and other is Business Process Reengineering.
 Information technology enables sophisticated product development, better market
infrastructure, implementation of reliable techniques for control of risks and helps
the financial intermediaries to reach geographically distant and diversified markets.
In view of this, technology has changed the contours of three major functions performed
 by banks, i.e., access to liquidity, transformation of assets and monitoring of risks.
Further, Information technology and the communication networking systems have a crucial bearing on the efficiency of money, capital and foreign exchange markets.
The Software Packages for Banking Applications in India had their beginnings in the
 middle of 80s, when the Banks started computerising the branches in a limited manner.
The early 90s saw the plummeting hardware prices and advent of cheap and inexpensive but
 high-powered PCs and servers and banks went in for what was called Total Branch
Automation (TBA) Packages. The middle and late 90s witnessed the tornado of financial
 reforms, deregulation, globalisation etc coupled with rapid revolution in communication
 technologies and evolution of novel concept of 'convergence' of computer and communication technologies,
 like Internet, mobile / cell phones etc

Computers in banking & insurance

ATM

Automated Teller Machines (ATMs) or 'the hole in the wall' cash machine has been around rover 30 years.They let customers withdraw cash 24 hours a day even when the bank is closed.Many customers prefer to use them even when the bank is open as it saves them joining long queue to withdraw money from a cashier From the bank's point of view ATMs mean that customers do all the work meaning that they don't have to pay for so many bank staff .ATMs used to only be available at the bank. Nowadays you will find them in shops, garages, airports and many other places.

Online banking 

Online or internet banking has really taken off over the past five years.Customers are able to access their accounts 24/7 and except for withdrawing cash, they are able to do everything that they could do with a traditional high street bank, for example setting up direct debits, changing payments, moving money from one account to another.Because the customer does most of the work the bank's overheads are reduced. This means that they can pass on some of the savings they make to the customer in the form of higher interest rates for savings and lower rates for borrowing.There have been concerns over security and fraud with online accounts and some customers remain a little wary of opening such an account.

Smart Cards

Smart cards look similar to a credit card but they differ in that they contain a memory chip or microprocessor on the card.This makes it possible for the card to store data such as virtual money where you top up the balance on your smart card using a special machine. You can then use the card to pay for small items such as lunch in the canteen, photocopying, small items from the office shop. The cost of the items is automatically deducted from the balance on your card when the card is 'swiped'.

Improve English with It

English Grammar Online … the fun way to learn English online

Read and Learn English

This section provides you with interesting texts on English speaking countries, holidays, animals and sports. In the Literature area, you will find excerpts and easy versions of famous novels. And if you are interested in what is going on in the world, you can read English news in our New sticker.

Study English

In the Grammar and Vocabulary areas, you will find exercises, explanations and word lists. In the Writing area, we tell you how to write English texts and how to work with stylistic devices. Our study tips help you to learn English more effectively and with more fun.  And if you want to do one exercise every day, try out the Daily English lessons.

Business English

In the Communication area, there is everything that you need for

everyday business: structure of English business letter, wordlists and a generator for creating business letters easily. The Business-Info area provides you with tips on your career as well as strategies for marketing, negotiation, customer service etc.

Teach English

This section provides teachers with information on how to use ego4u material in class. For several topics on cultural studies, we have added notes that will help you plan your lesson. In the Lessons area, you will find printable material in PD F files. And if you want to get in touch with other teachers, use our Teacher’s Board.

It Courses

Free computer science courses, new teaching technology reinvent online education

Stanford Engineering professors are offering three of the school’s most popular 
computer science courses for free online this fall, and at the same time launching
 an experiment that could transform the way online education is delivered.
The professors are taking technologies designed to enhance learning for Stanford
 students and extending them to a broad online audience. They are delivering lectures
 as short, interactive video clips that allow students to progress at their own pace 
through course materials. They are offering live quizzes with instant feedback.  
And they are testing new technologies that allow students to rank questions that 
should be posed to the instructors.
The professors also hope to extend the benefits of Stanford-style education to those
 who lack access.
“Both in the United States and elsewhere, many people simply do not have access to a
 high-quality education.  By putting out this initial set of courses, we hope to teach 
some of the latest computing technologies to anyone who wants to learn it – for free,”
 said Andrew Ng, an associate professor of computer science who is teaching a new online
 machine learning course.
The three courses – Machine Learning, Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and 
Introduction to Databases – cover material that forms the basis of some of the most 
prevalent technologies today, from online shopping to web search and robotics.
“By opening up education, we hope to give more learning, job and advancement 
opportunities to anyone who wants them,” said Computer Science Department Chair 
Jennifer Widom, who is teaching the database course.

Demand has been enormous. Already more than 58,000 people have expressed interest
 in the artificial intelligence course taught by Sebastian Thrun, a Stanford research
 professor of computer science and a Google Fellow, and Google Director of Research 
Peter Norvig.
“The time is right for this – technology has progressed, connectivity has progressed
 and video has progressed,” Thrun said. “It’s thrilling to be able to take Stanford 
education out into the world to people who can’t afford it or wouldn’t have access.”
Formal registration for the classes is expected to begin next month; classes start on Oct.
 10 and extend through December.  All three are being offered in partnership with the
 Stanford Center for Professional Development (SCPD), which brings more than 40 years
 of distance-learning expertise to the table.  Both SCPD students and regular Stanford
 students, as well as the general public, will have access to the new online learning 
tools.
Students in the free courses are expected to read course materials, complete assignments
 and take quizzes and an exam. Thrun said online students should expect to devote at 
least 12 hours a week to the artificial intelligence course, just as Stanford students do. 
What online students won’t receive, however, is one-on-one interaction with professors,
 the full content of lectures – or a

 Stanford degree.
The online courses build on recent innovations by Stanford professors to increase 
interaction with students. These include ClassX, a video processing platform that facilitates
 lecture recording;CourseWare, an online course hosting site with social networking features; and 
OpenClassroom, a web platform designed to share Stanford lectures freely with the world.
In January 2010, computer science Professor Daphne Koller piloted the idea of shifting
 classroom time from lectures – which are largely passive activities for students – to
 more engaging activities. She recorded lectures as short videos for students to watch
 online and used class time to solve problems, host guest lecturers from the technology
 industry and review material students found difficult.
“The idea was to improve both the classroom experience and the online experience,” 
she said.
She incorporated questions and quizzes into the videos to keep students thinking 
about the material and help them learn more effectively.
 “One of the disadvantages of traditional instruction is how long it takes to get 
feedback on your work,” said Ng. “If you submit homework and get a graded version back
 a week later, you may already have forgotten much of what you did.  With technologies 
that give you immediate feedback, a student can immediately determine what they do and 
don’t understand, and more efficiently focus their efforts.”
 The new courses are only the latest effort by Stanford to share information and ideas
 with the public online. Stanford helped pioneer the use of Apple’s iTunes service by 
academic institutions in 2005. Three years later, the university launched Stanford 
Engineering Everywhere, the university’s first free site to offer complete video-based courses
 and materials that are available anywhere, anytime and on-demand.
 It offered 10 free computer science and electrical engineering courses


Training in a Computer Science

The training in a Computer Science degree program, gives students 
the skills necessary to not only be successful in a computer technology 
workforce, but real-life situations. It also gives students the knowledge and power
 to be successful on an international level. Language in the computer technology field
 is universal, meaning that it is easy for anyone with a computer technology background 
to understand, no matter what the spoken language is. Computer technology is a growing
 career field and these jobs are available all over the world.



Learn Free IT Courses in Urdu Language

Free Computer Software Courses Videos In Urdu


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Money Earning

Money Earning


You can now earn money online via internet in the range of
50,000 Rs to 100,000 Rs
per month by following all the methods on this website.


Making Money on Internet from home. Is it a Myth?

Makemoney.pk website is dedicated for teaching people how to make REAL money online.

The concept to make money online via internet is not new, but it not been as popular here.
There are a hand full of people who knows how to make money on internet working from home.
But this a real fact that if you learn this art, you can make more than 100,000 Rupees / 1200$ every month online.

There are many people who are making handsome money using online marketing methods, not in thousands dollars ($),
 but many people in USA are making millions per month via these methods. So I would like to share few such methods with you,
 which can be very useful for you.

How to Get Start making money?

First thing, how to get started? This is very basic question that every body will ask.
First thing is you need to understand how will you make money online from home.

There are a number of ways to do that.


Start a Blog
Become an Affiliate
Start an Online Forum
Online data entry, marketing
Provide any service to people via website
Sell your products online to people - online shopping (ecommerce)
Build a website that has informative articles regarding issues in the society.
Participate in other legal Earn Money Online Programmes, never participate in any illegal program



The idea of online money making is attractive to many because of the benefits it offers.
 Primarily, because of two main motivational factors:
First, the lucrative potential of the internet, as one can earn in dollars.
Second, the personal freedom that comes, becuase you can work from any where, no geographical limitations.
 Whether you live in a village, city or far from area. Even there is no fixed schedule you have to follow,
 you can work anytime at your convience.
One does not need to suffer through monotonous day jobs which offer poor returns for the time invested.
Indeed, why make $7 to 10 an hour selling coffee behind a counter when you can easily earn the same amount
by spending 10 minutes to write an article on your blog?
Even if you are not looking to work full-time at home, the internet offers a viable source of money which can
 help to supplement your regular income.

Cataloging the different ways to Make Money Online
If you perform a basic search on Google, it will reveal many ways to make money online and most of the websites
listed in the search results pages seem to focus on the same methods of earning money.

I thought it will be a good idea to categorize and compile a list of the online money making methods available
 so that future visitors will have a reference point which provides them with all information they need.

This list uses a rather broad categorization, which I believe covers most of the ways to make money online.
 More methods and examples of how to make money online are added regularly to our list.

•  Set up a Blog or Website for Profit

One of the best ways to earn money online is to create a website or blog which allows you to earn money
 from the display of advertisements or the sale of products and services.

There are many different types of money making blogs which will help you to make money and you will need to
pick a model that suits your interests, schedule and skill levels. A simple no frills blog will allow you to
easily pull in at least several hundred dollars in a month through the use of paid blogging websites alone.

For more information, check out webdevelopmentseo's and forumpakistan's archive of articles on how to make money
blogging. Apart from blogs, other websites can easily help you to generate passive income as well.
These can range from e-commerce websites, social communities and information portals to basic article pages for
 affiliate programs.

Free Online Training Courses

Free Online Training Courses
Take a FREE Online Training Course to find out what online e-learning is all about and how it works. We are currently offering several complete FREE courses.

• These are not demos. Each course is a complete 2 to 6 hour online training course.
• The 10 current free courses are all listed below:
• Free A+ Certification Training Course
• Networking (CompTIA A+ Essentials 220-701 - Course 10)
• Free JavaScript Training Course
• Start Using JavaScript (JavaScript - Course 1)
• Free Business Management Training Course
• Management in Perspective (Fundamentals of Business Management - Course 1)
• Free Visual C# Training Course
• Introducing Web Forms (Visual C# Web Applications - Course 1)
• Free PHP and MySQL Training Course
• Programming with PHP (PHP and MySQL - Course 3)
• Free Customer Service Training Course
• Communicating - (Customer Service - Course 2)
• Free HTML and XHTML Training Course
• Basics of HTML and XHTML (Web Publishing and Design with HTML & XHTML - Course 2)
• Free Windows Server 2008 Training Course
• Server Deployment (Windows Server 2008 Server Admin - Course 1)
• Free Excel 2010 Training Course 
• Performing Basic Workbook Tasks (Excel 2010 - Course 2)
• Free Leadership Training Course 

Creating and Communicating Vision (Leadership (Business Skills Videos) - Course 1)
Take one...or take them all! Try our online learning today, FREE!
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Human Interface device

HID definition of a device

According to the HID specification, a device is described,
 during the report mode, as a set of controls or group of controls.
 Controls are matched by a field containing the data, and another containing a usage tag.
 Each usage tag is described in the spec as the constructor suggested use of the data
described in the report mode.


Human Interface Device

A human interface device or HID is a type of computer device that

 interacts directly with, and most often takes input from, humans 

and may deliver output to humans. The term "HID" most commonly refers 

to the USB-HID specification. The term was coined by Mike Van Flanders  of Microsoft when he proposed the USB committee create a Human Input Device class working group. The working group was renamed as the Human Interface Device class at the suggestion of Tom Schmidt of DEC because the proposed standard supported bi-directional communicate.

History

The primary motivation for HID research was to enable innovation in PC input devices 

and simplify the process of installing these devices. Prior to HID, devices usually 

conformed to strictly defined protocols for mice, keyboards and joysticks; for example, 

the standard mouse protocol at the time supported relative X and Y axis data and binary

 input for up to two buttons, with no legacy support. All Hardware innovations necessitated overloading the use of data in an existing protocol 

or creation of custom device drivers and evangelization of a new protocol to developers. By contrast, all HID-defined devices deliver self-describing 

packages that may contain any number of data types and formats. A single HID driver on the PC parses data and enables dynamic association of data I/O 

with application functionality, 

which has enabled rapid innovation and development, and prolific diversification of new human interface devices.

The HID standard was developed by a working committee with representatives from several prominent companies. The list of participants can be found in the "Device Class Definition for 

Human Interface Devices (HID)" document. The concept of a self describing extensible protocol was initially conceived of by Mike Van Flandern and Manolito Adan, while working on a project named 

Raptor at Microsoft, and independently by Steve McGowan,

 who was working on a device protocol for Access Bus while at Forte. After comparing notes at a Consumer Game Developer Conference, Steve and Mike agreed to collaborate on a new standard for the emerging Universal Serial Bus.

Common HIDs

Keyboard

Mouse, Trackball, Touchpad, Pointing stick

Graphics tablet

Joystick, Gamepad, Analog stick

Webcam

Fingerprint Scanner

Headset

Less common HIDs

Driving simulator devices and flight simulator devices have HIDs such as gear sticks, steering wheels and pedals.

Wired glove (Nintendo Power Glove)

Dance pad

Wii Remote

Surface computing device

Apple's Sudden Motion Sensor(SMS) device in Macs.

There are limitations to the HID protocol, however, most operating systems will recognize standard USB HID devices, 

such as keyboards and mice, without needing a specialized driver. When installed, a message saying that "A "HID-compliant device" has been recognized,"

 generally appears on screen. In comparison, this message does not usually appear for devices connected via the PS/2 6-pin DIN connectors which preceded USB. PS/2 does not typically support plug-and-play,

 which means that connecting a PS/2 keyboard or mouse with the computer powered on does not always work. Likewise, the PS/2 standard does not support the HID protocol. A USB HID is described by the USB human interface device class

Other protocols using HID

Since HID's original definition over USB, HID is now also used in other computer communication buses. This enables HID devices that traditionally were only found on USB to also be used on alternative buses. This is done since existing support for USB HID devices can typically be adapted much faster than having to invent an entirely new protocol to support mice, keyboards, and the like. Known buses that use HID are:
Bluetooth HID — Bluetooth is a wireless communications technology. Several Bluetooth mice and keyboards already exist in the market place.
Serial HID — Used in Microsoft's Windows Media Center PC remote control receivers.

All voice, video and data networks and the equipment, staff and purchased services necessary to operate them

Telecommunications Industry Association

The Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
 to develop voluntary, consensus-based industry standards for a wide variety of
 ICT products, and currently represents nearly 400 companies.
 TIA's Standards and Technology Department operates twelve engineering committees,
 which develop guidelines for private radio equipment, cellular towers, data terminals,
 satellites, telephone terminal equipment, accessibility, VoIP devices,
structured cabling, data centers, mobile device communications, multimedia multicast,

vehicular telematics, healthcare ICT, machine-to-machine communications, and smart utility networks.
Overall, more than 500 active participants,
 from telecommunications equipment manufacturers,
service providers, government agencies, academic institutions,
 and end-users, are engaged in TIA’s standards setting process.
To ensure that these standards become incorporated globally,
 TIA is also engaged in the International Telecommunication Union (ITU),
the International Organization for Standardization (ISO),
and the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).

it information

It information technology:
Web definitions:

A very general term referring to the entire field of

Information Technology - anything from computer hardware to programming to network...

Information Technology (IT)

The development, installation, and implementation of computer systems and applications.

Information Technology (IT) is the branch of engineering that deals with the use of computers and telecommunications to store, retrieve and transmit information. The acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications are its main fields. The term in its modern sense first appeared in a 1958 article published in the Harvard Business Review, in which authors Leavitt and Whisler commented that "the new technology does not yet have a single established name. We shall call it information technology (IT)." Some of the modern and emerging fields of Information technology are next generation web technologies, bioinformatic, cloud computing, global information systems, large scale knowledge bases, etc. Advancements are mainly driven in the field of computer science.

IT has become an inherent and indispensable component of teaching, research, 
and university campus life. As The University of AJ&K is undergoing through process 
of change through which University Management Information System (UMIS) is being developed to provide a fully automated environment to the University and network is 
being established to connect all campuses and departments. Realizing the importance of
 Information Technology, Information Technology Center (ITC) has been established that
 is responsible for providing all sort of support related to Information and Communication
 Technology to all the departments and employees of the university.

Information

The English word was apparently derived from the Latin stem (information-) of the nominative (informatio): this noun is in its turn derived from the verb "informare" (to inform) in the sense of "to give form to the mind", "to discipline", "instruct", "teach".

Technology

 is the area of managing technology and spans a wide variety of areas that include computer software, information systems, computer hardware, programming languages but are not limited to things such as processes, and data constructs. In short, anything that renders data, information or perceived knowledge in any visual format whatsoever, via any multimedia distribution mechanism, is considered part of the IT domain. IT provides businesses with four sets of core services to help execute the business strategy: business process automation, providing information, connecting with customers, and productivity tools.
IT professionals perform a variety of functions that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as management and administration of entire systems. Information technology is starting to spread further than the conventional personal computer and network technologies, and more into integrations of other technologies such as the use of cell phones, televisions, automobiles, and more, which is increasing the demand for such jobs.
In the recent past, the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology and the Association for Computing Machinery have collaborated to form accreditation and curriculum standards for degrees in Information Technology as a distinct field of study as compared to Computer Science and Information Systems today. SIGITE (Special Interest Group for IT Education) is the ACM working group for defining these standards. The Worldwide IT services revenue totaled $763 billion in 2009.

Included in Information Technology

• All computers with a human interface
• All computer peripherals which will not operate unless connected to a computer or network
• All voice, video and data networks and the equipment, staff and purchased services necessary to operate them
• All salary and benefits for staff whose job descriptions specifically includes technology functions, i.e. network services, applications development, systems administration
• All technology services provided by vendors or contractors
• Operating costs associated with providing information technology






• All costs associated with developing, purchasing, licensing or maintaining software

Agencies may wish to include other costs at their discretion. For example, an agency may wish to include digital cameras in their IT budget even though they can be operated stand-alone. Data entry personnel may be included if they are considered part of the technology staff. Costs that are excluded above may be included if they are an integral part of a computer applications or would be difficult to break out because the costs are included with other information technology costs.


Examples of Information Technology

• Telephone and radio equipment and switches used for voice communications.
• Traditional computer applications that include data storage and programs to input, process, and output the data.
• Software and support for office automation systems such as word processing and spreadsheets, as well as the computer to run them.
• Users' PCs and software.
• Server hardware and software used to support applications such as electronic mail/groupware, file and print services, database, application/ web servers, storage systems, and other hosting services.
• Data, voice, and video networks and all associated communications equipment and software.
• Peripherals directly connected to computer information systems used to collect or transmit audio, video or graphic information, such as scanners and digitizes.
• Voice response systems that interact with a computer database or application.
• The state radio communications network.
• Computers and network systems used by teachers, trainers, and students for educational purposes
• "Open/integrated" computer systems that monitor or automate mechanical or chemical processes and also store information used by computer applications for analysis and decision-making, such as a building management system.






• All operating costs, equipment and staff time associated with supporting the technology infrastructure of the agency, possibly including items excluded above, such as video equipment used for technology training that is included in the information systems cost center for the agency.

Excluded from Information Technology

• "Closed/stand-alone" computer systems that monitor or automate mechanical or chemical processes, such as the fire alarm system in the capitol building.
• Audio-visual equipment which can be operated as a standalone piece of equipment, such as televisions, tape recorders, VCRs, video cameras, and overhead projectors. Stand-alone video editing equipment is excluded.
• Copy machines and fax machines.
• Licenses or subscriptions to electronic information provided to users in lieu of books or magazines.
• Salaries of staff who use technology but are not directly involved in developing, implementing or supporting technology as documented on their PIQ. Data entry staff, staff who digitize drawings, staff who do desktop publishing are excluded. "Power users" who use advanced features of spreadsheets or word processing software are excluded.
• Data entry services